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Global warming is for real - Vested Interest fights change |
An overwhelming majority of scientists agree — global warming is
happening and human activity is the primary cause. Yet several prominent
global warming skeptic organizations are actively working to sow doubt
about the facts of global warming.
These organizations
play a key role in the fossil fuel industry's "disinformation playbook,"
a strategy designed to confuse the public about global warming and
delay action on climate change. Why? Because the fossil fuel industry
wants to sell more coal, oil, and gas — even though the science clearly
shows that the resulting carbon emissions threaten our planet.
Who are these groups? And what is the evidence linking them to the fossil fuel industry?
Here's
a quick primer on several prominent global warming skeptic
organizations, including examples of their disinformation efforts and
funding sources from the fossil fuel industry. Many have received large
donations from foundations established, and supported, by the fossil
fuel billionaire Koch brothers.
American Enterprise Institute
The
American Enterprise Institute (AEI) has routinely tried to undermine
the credibility of climate science, despite at times affirming that the
“weight of the evidence” justifies “prudent action” on climate change.
[1]
For years, AEI played a role in propagating
misinformation about a manufactured controversy over emails stolen from
climate scientists [2], with one AEI research fellow even claiming,
“There was no consensus about the extent and causes of global warming.”
[3] A resident scholar at AEI went so far as to state that the
profession of climate scientist “threatens to overtake all” on the list
of “most distrusted occupations.” [4]
AEI received
$3,615,000 from ExxonMobil from 1998-2012 [5], and more than $1 million
in funding from Koch foundations from 2004-2011. [6]
Americans for Prosperity
Americans
for Prosperity (AFP) frequently provides a platform for climate
contrarian statements, such as “How much information refutes carbon
dioxide-caused global warming? Let me count the ways.” [7]
While
claiming to be a grassroots organization, AFP has bolstered its list of
“activists” by hosting “$1.84 Gas” events, where consumers who receive
discounts on gasoline are asked to provide their name and email address
on a “petition” form. [8]
These events are billed as
raising awareness about “failing energy policies” and high gasoline
prices, but consumers are not told about AFP’s ties to oil interests,
namely
Koch Industries.
AFP has its origins in a group
founded in 1984 by fossil fuel billionaires Charles and David Koch [9],
and the latter Koch still serves on AFP Foundation’s board of directors
[10]. Richard Fink, executive vice president of Koch Industries, also
serves as a director for both AFP and AFP Foundation. [11]
Koch foundations donated $3,609,281 to AFP Foundation from 2007-2011. [12]
American Legislative Exchange Council
The American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)
maintains that “global climate change is inevitable” [13] and since the
1990s has pushed various forms of model legislation aimed at
obstructing policies intended to reduce global warming emissions.
ALEC
purports to “support the use of sound science to guide policy,” but
routinely provides a one-sided platform for climate contrarians. State
legislators attending one ALEC meeting were offered a workshop touting a
report by a fossil fuel-funded group that declared “like love, carbon
dioxide's many splendors are seemingly endless." [14, 15] Another ALEC
meeting featured a Fox News contributor who has claimed on the air that
carbon dioxide “literally cannot cause global warming.” [16, 17]
ALEC
received more than $1.6 million from ExxonMobil from 1998-2012 [18],
and more than $850,000 from Koch foundations from 1997-2011. [19]
Beacon Hill Institute at Suffolk University
From
its position as the research arm of the Department of Economics at
Suffolk University, the Beacon Hill Institute (BHI) has published
misleading analyses of clean energy and climate change policies in more
than three dozen states.
These economic analyses are
at times accompanied by a dose of climate contrarianism. For example,
BHI Director David Tuerck has claimed that “the very question of whether
the climate is warming is in doubt…” [20] Claims such as “wind power
actually increases pollution” can be found in many of BHI’s reports.
BHI
has publicly acknowledged its Koch funding [21], which likely includes
at least some of the approximately $725,000 the Charles G. Koch
foundation contributed to Suffolk University from 2008-2011. [22]
Cato Institute
Cato
acknowledges that “Global warming is indeed real…” But when it comes to
the causes of global warming, Cato has sent mixed messages over the
years. Cato's website, for instance, reports that “… human activity has
been a contributor [to global warming] since 1975.” [23] Yet, on the
same topic of whether human activity is responsible for global warming,
Cato’s vice president has written: “We don’t know.” [24]
Patrick
Michaels, Director of Cato’s Center for the Study of Science, has
referred to the latest Draft National Climate Assessment Report as “the
stuff of fantasy.” [25] The most recent edition of Cato’s “Handbook for
Policymakers” advises that Congress should “pass no legislation
restricting emissions of carbon dioxide.” [26]
Charles
Koch co-founded Cato in 1977. Both Charles and David Koch were among the
four “shareholders” who “owned” Cato until 2011 [27], and the latter
Koch remains a member of Cato’s Board of Directors. [28] Koch
foundations contributed more than $5 million to Cato from 1997-2011.
[29]
Competitive Enterprise Institute
The
Competitive Enterprise Institute has at times acknowledged that “Global
warming is a reality.” [30] But CEI has also routinely disputed that
global warming is a problem, contending that “There is no ‘scientific
consensus’ that global warming will cause damaging climate change.”
[31]
These kinds of claims are nothing new for CEI.
Back in 1991, CEI was claiming that “The greatest challenge we face is
not warming, but cooling.” [32] More recently, CEI produced an ad
calling for higher levels of carbon dioxide. [33] One CEI scholar even
publicly compared a prominent climate scientist to convicted child
molester Jerry Sandusky. [34]
CEI received around $2
million in funding from ExxonMobil from 1995-2005 [35], though
ExxonMobil made a public break with CEI in 2007 after coming under
scrutiny from UCS and other groups for its funding of climate contrarian
organizations. CEI has also received funding from Koch foundations,
dating back to the 1980s. [36]
Heartland Institute
While
claiming to stand up for “sound science,” the Heartland Institute has
routinely spread misinformation about climate science, including
deliberate attacks on climate scientists. [37]
Popular
outcry forced the Heartland Institute to pull down a controversial
billboard that compared supporters of global warming facts to Unabomber
Ted Kaczynski [38], bringing an early end to a planned campaign first
announced in an essay by Heartland President Joseph Bast, which claimed
“… the most prominent advocates of global warming aren’t scientists.
They are murderers, tyrants, and madmen.” [39]
Heartland
even once marked Earth Day by mailing out 100,000 free copies of a book
claiming that “climate science has been corrupted” [40] – despite
acknowledging that “…all major scientific organizations of the world
have taken the official position that humankind is causing global
warming.”
Heartland received more than $675,000 from
ExxonMobil from 1997-2006 [41]. Heartland also raked in millions from
the Koch-funded organization Donors Trust through 2011. [42, 43]
Heritage Foundation
While
maintaining that “Science should be used as one tool to guide climate
policy,” the Heritage Foundation often uses rhetoric such as “far from
settled” to sow doubt about climate science. [44, 45, 46, 47] One
Heritage report even claimed that “The only consensus over the threat of
climate change that seems to exist these days is that there is no
consensus.” [48]
Vocal climate contrarians, meanwhile,
are described as “the world’s best scientists when it comes to the
climate change study” in the words of one Heritage policy analyst. [49]
Heritage
received more than $4.5 million from Koch foundations from 1997-2011.
[50] ExxonMobil contributed $780,000 to the Heritage Foundation from
2001-2012. ExxonMobil continues to provide annual contributions to the
Heritage Foundation, despite making a public pledge in 2007 to stop
funding climate contrarian groups. [51, 52]
Institute for Energy Research
The
term “alarmism” is defined by Mirriam-Webster as “the often unwarranted
exciting of fears or warning of danger.” So when Robert Bradley, CEO
and founder of the Institute for Energy Research (IER), and others at
his organization routinely evoke the term “climate alarmism” they do so
to sow doubt about the urgency of global warming.
IER
claims that public policy “should be based on objective science, not
emotion or improbable scenarios ” But IER also claims that the sense of
urgency for climate action is due not to the science that shows the real
and growing conequences of global warming. Rather, IER suggests that
researchers “exacerbate the sense [that] policies are urgently needed”
for monetary gain, noting that “issues that are perceived to be an
imminent crisis can mean more funding.” [53]
IER has received funding from both ExxonMobil [54] and the Koch brothers [55].
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research
The
Manhattan Institute has acknowledged that the “scientific consensus is
that the planet is warming,” while at the same time maintaining that “…
accounts of climate change convey a sense of certitude that is probably
unjustified.” [56]
“The science is not settled, not by a
long shot,” Robert Bryce, a Manhattan Institute senior fellow has
written in the Wall Street Journal [57]. At other times Bryce has
expressed indifference to the science on climate change. “I don’t know
who’s right. And I really don’t care,” he wrote in one book. [58]
The
Manhattan Institute has received $635,000 from ExxonMobil since 1998
[59], with annual contributions continuing as of 2012, and nearly $2
million from Koch foundations from 1997-2011. [60]
Read more : Global Warming Skeptic Organizations | Union of Concerned Scientists